【十年经略】中国经济如何实现“高质量发展”?******
中新网北京9月30日电题:中国经济如何实现“高质量发展”?
记者 石睿 宋宇晟
“不能不顾客观条件、违背规律盲目追求高速度。”2012年12月15日,在中央经济工作会议上,习近平总书记如是强调。
加满油、把稳舵、鼓足劲,付出异乎寻常的努力,推动新时代中国经济由高速增长转向高质量发展。这十年,“从量的扩张转向质的提升,从‘有没有’转向‘好不好’”,成为中国经济发展的鲜明特征。
高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段
改革开放以来,中国创造了第二次世界大战结束后一个国家经济高速增长持续时间最长的奇迹,从一穷二白发展成世界第二大经济体,从落后的农业国发展为制造业大国。
不过,随着经济总量不断增大,中国在发展中遇到了一系列新情况新问题。
时针拨回2012年,中国经济增速自新世纪以来首次滑落至8%以下,多年来经济高速增长的背后,隐忧显现:一些地方和部门存在片面追求速度规模、发展方式粗放等问题,加上国际金融危机后世界经济持续低迷影响,经济结构性体制性矛盾不断积累,发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题突出。
“经济发展面临速度换挡节点,如同一个人,10岁至18岁期间个子猛长,18岁之后长个子的速度就慢下来了。”
“速度再快一点,非不能也,而不为也。”通过转变经济发展方式实现持续发展、更高水平发展,是中等收入国家跨越中等收入陷阱必经的阶段。
中国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段,这是中共中央在十九大报告中对新时代中国经济发展做出的重大判断。
“这是一个凤凰涅槃的过程。如果现在不抓紧,将来解决起来难度会更高、代价会更大、后果会更重。我们必须咬紧牙关,爬过这个坡,迈过这道坎。”习近平指出了新时代中国经济转变发展方式的重要性和必要性。
以新发展理念引领高质量发展
习近平总书记强调,推动高质量发展是做好经济工作的根本要求。高质量发展就是体现新发展理念的发展,是经济发展从“有没有”转向“好不好”。
不能简单以生产总值增长率论英雄,必须实现创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的高质量发展。
这十年,创新驱动发展战略深入实施,科技创新为高质量发展提供源头供给。人工智能、大数据、区块链、量子通信等新兴技术加快应用,培育了智能终端、远程医疗、在线教育等新产品、新业态。太阳能光伏、风电、新型显示、半导体照明、先进储能等产业规模居世界前列。
这十年,中国经济发展的平衡性、协调性、可持续性增强。城乡居民人均可支配收入之比由2012年的2.88缩小至2021年的2.50,人均消费支出之比由2.57缩小至1.90。京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大地区,以及一些重要城市群,正在成为带动全国高质量发展的新动力源。
这十年,“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念深入人心。2012年以来,中国以年均3%的能源消费增速支撑了年均6.6%的经济增长,能耗强度累计下降了26.4%,相当于少用了14亿吨标准煤。
这十年,中国的对外开放广度和深度得到了全面拓展。商品出口占国际市场的份额由11%上升到15%,货物贸易第一大国的地位得到了增强;利用外资的规模不断扩大;对外签署的自由贸易协定数由10个增加到了19个;建设了21个自贸试验区和海南自由贸易港,打造了一系列对外开放的新高地、试验田,形成了全方位、高水平对外开放的新格局。
这十年,改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。2021年,中国宣告脱贫攻坚战取得了全面胜利,完成了消除绝对贫困的艰巨任务;全国居民人均可支配收入35128元,比2012年增加18618元;全国居民恩格尔系数为29.8%,比2012年下降3.2个百分点。
不论“创新驱动”,还是“生态优先”……都已成为十年来中国高质量发展的众多维度之一,中国正在推动高质量发展上闯出新路子,迈向新征程。(完)
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |